Contents
Table of Principal Cases and Documents
Introduction
Chapter 1: Introduction to International Law, p.1-3
A. The Domain of International Law
B. History of the Law of Nations
C. Is International Law "Law"?
Chapter 2: States, p.5-28
A Statehood.
B. Recognition
C. Secession and Self-Determination
Chapter 3: Nationality, p.29-65
A. Who is a National?
B. Espousal of Claims
Chapter 4: Jurisdiction, p.67-80
Chapter 5: Treaties, p.81-98
Chapter 6: International Criminal Law, p.99-155
A. War Crimes
B. Extradiction
C. Abduction
Chapter 7: Human Rights, p.157-184
A. Human Rights
B. Torture: A Study in the Conflict between State and Individual
C. Group Rights
Chapter 8: Sources of General International Law, p.185-200
A. Custom
B. General Principles
C. Decisions of National Courts
D. Equity
E. Writings of Publicists
F. Consensus
G. U.N. Resolutions
H. Protests and Special Custom
Chapter 9: International Environmental Law, p.201-215
A. The Earth Summit
B. Bioethics and Biodiversity
C. Endangered Species

Chapter 10: The Global Commons, 217-260
A. The Sea
B. Antarctica
C. Airspace
D. Outer Space
Chapter 11: International Law in U. S. Courts, p.261-290
A. Monism and Deism
B. Conventional International Law
C. Customary International Law
D. Suing Foreign Governments
Chapter 12: Emerging Issue Areas, p.291-301
A. Rights of the Child
B. Health Issues
C. International Sports Law
Chapter 13: International Judicial Institutions, p.303-318
A. The World Court
B. The European Court of Human Right
C. Other Forms of Dispute Resolution
Chapter 14: International Political Institutions, p.319-346
A. The United Nations
B. A Specialized Agency: UNRWAPR
Chapter 15: Critical Perspectives, p. 347-349
A. Political Science
B. Natural Law
C. The Systems Critique
D. Critical Legal Studies
E. Feminist Perspectives
Chapter 16: The Normative Dimension, p.351-354
A. Peace
B. Justice
C. Democracy
D. The Future of International Law
INDEX, p.355-360

Cover Page
Contents vii-xi
Contributing Authors xiii
Preface xv
Part I: Introduction
Chapter 1 The Evolution Of International Environmental Law 3-8
Part II: Sources Of International Environmental Law
Chapter 2 Custom 11-15
Chapter 3 General Principles Of Law 17-37
Chapter 4 Treaties 39-53
Chapter 5 Soft Law 55-60
Chapter 6 Human Rights Law 61-69
Chapter 7 Domestic Law 71-89
Part III: Hazardous Activities
Chapter 8 Transboundary Pollution 93-151
Chapter 9 Trade In Hazardous Wastes And Technologies 153-189
Chapter 10 War And Peace 191-223

Part IV: Species And Ecosystems
Chapter 11 Biodiversity 227-296
Chapter 12 Desertification And Deforestation 297-308
Part V: Global Commons
Chapter 13 The Oceans 311-360
Chapter 14 The Atmosphere 361-396
Chapter 15 Antarctica 397-418
Part VI: Ethics And Equity
Chapter 16 Environmental Ethics 421-440
Part VII: Trends And Innovations
Chapter 17 International Trade Agreements 443-460
Chapter 18 Innovations 461-475
Index 477-482
Appendix: 21 Treaties and conventions, etc. Pages 1-203
Appendix Items 1-6, p. 1-34
Appendix Items 7-8, p.34-69
Appendix Items 9-21, p69-203

Foreword by Richard A. Falk
Preface
Table of Contents
Part One: THE SETTING
1. Introduction
The Need for a Theory of Custom
The Possibility of a Theory of Custom
2. The Context and Functions of Custom
The International Law Context
Determining the Context of International Law
Custom as a Secondary Rule of Law Determination
Part Two: THE THEORY OF CUSTOM
3. The Search for Custom: Traditional Views
Material and Psychological Elements
Quantitative Analysis: Usage
Quantitative Analysis: Opinio Juris
4. A Reformulation of the Theory of Custom
The Qualitative Element: Articulation
The Qualitative Element: Act or Commitment
The Role of Protest
5. Treaties and Custom
Parametric Considerations
Judicial Decisions
Examples from State Practice
Opinions of Writers
Theoretical Considerations

Part Three: THE AUTHORITATIVENESS OF THE RESORT TO CUSTOM IN INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT SITUATIONS
6. Basic Factors
The Concept of Authoritativeness
Factors of Initiative and Imitation
The Alleged Countervailing Pressure of Freedom of State Action
7. Reinforcing Factors
Consent
Estoppel
Reasonableness
Part Four: SPECIAL PROBLEMS
8. The Concept of Special Custom
The Two Kinds of Custom
The Bifurcation of Custom in Early Civil And Common Law
Special Custom in International Law
9. "Sources" and "Evidences" of Law
10. Conclusion

Selected Bibliography

Index 283